Diploma Lecture Notes

Machine: Machine is a kind of device which used to transfer and transform the motion and force from source to the load, where source can be defined as Input while the load can be state as Output.

Machine can also be define as a device from which the available energy can be converted into the desired form of useful work.

Mechanism: Mechanism can be defined as the combination of the rigid or resistant bodies, formed and connected so that the motion of one imparts the required motion to the other and the bodies are able to withstand the various kind of forces impressed upon them.

Theory Of Machine: Theory Of Machine is a branch of engineering which deals with the study of relative motion in between the various part of a machine and the various forces which act on the machines. 

Theory of machine is mainly classified in two categories:

1. Kinematics

2. Dynamics

Kinematics: The subject which deals with only the geometric aspects (constraints) of motion of the various machine elements without any consideration of forces causing such motion, is termed as Kinematics.

Dynamics: The subject which deals with the geometric aspects of motion of various machine elements while considering the forces acting, causing such motion, is termed as Dynamics.

Dynamics further can be sub-divided in the following parts;

Statics:  The branch of Dynamics which deals with the forces acting on the various machine elements, at rest, is termed as Statics. In this, the mass of the machine elements is assumed to be zero.

Kinetics: The branch of Dynamics which deals with the inertia forces, occurring due to the combined effect of mass and the motion of the machine elements, is termed as Kinetics.

LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. What is a machine?

2. What is 'Theory Of Machine'?

3. Define Kinematics.

4. Define Dynamics.

5. What are the sub-categories of Dynamics? Briefly describe each of them.

• Types of Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks
• Igneous Rocks

1. Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks are those rocks which are formed by the accumulation of sediments within the glaciers, rivers, oceans etc. These sediments were bonded beneath the soil from last so many of years, resulting formation of sedimentary rock bed.

Example of the Sedimentary rock includes: Chalk, Limestone, Sandstone etc.

2. Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks are those rocks formed by the transformation of the pre-existing rock, subjected to very high heat and pressure, resulting in the physical as well as chemical change in the nature of rock. 

3. Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock got their name from the Latin word "Ignis" which stands for fire. Igneous rocks are those rocks formed by the solidification of the magma or lava. These are generally of two types: Intrusive and Extrusive.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks are formed from the trapped magma that cools down and solidified within the crust of the planet. Intrusive rock cools very slowly, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained.

Example of the Intrusive Igneous Rocks includes: Granite, Diorite etc.

Extrusive Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of the molten lava, which used to form above the earth's crust. Extrusive rock cools much faster as compared to intrusive and as a result, these rocks are fine-grained.

Example of the Extrusive Igneous Rocks includes: Basalt, Pumice etc.


LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. Classify the types of rocks and briefly describe each of them.

2. What is Metamorphic Rock? Give few example of metamorphic rock.

3. What is Sedimentary Rock? Give few example of sedimentary rock.

4. What is Igneous Rock? Give few example of igneous rock.

5. Classify the types of Igneous rock and briefly describe each of them with example.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD BUILDING STONE

• Appearance: The Building Stones being used in the construction work should be uniform in color as well as should not have spots of color within the stone. Lighter color of stones are more preferable than the darker stones as latter are less durable. It also should have pleasant color and free from patches too.

• Strength: Building Stones must have good compression strength. Building stones should be able to withstand a minimum crushing strength of 1000 kg/cm² .

• Durability: It should be able to withstand and resist the action of the atmosphere such as rain, wind, temperature etc

• Texture: It is preferred to have building stones with fine crystalline compact structure as those are more stronger.

• Dressing: It should be easy to cut the stone and to dress it into different shape for carving and structural works.

• Seasoning: Every freshly quarried stones contain a bit amount of moisture content, termed as quarry sap. It is essential that after quarrying and dressing of the stone, it should be left for minimum 6 to 12 months before using such stones for construction.

• Toughness: Building stones should be able to resist and withstand the load and stress developed due to the vibration of moving machinery.

• Porosity and Absorption: A good building stone should not be porous and not absorb more than 5% of water when immersed.

• Heaviness: Building stones used in the construction of dams, barrages should be of high varieties. A stone should have specific gravity in ranges from 2.4 to 2.8. 

• Resistance to fire: A Building stone should be free from minerals such as calcium carbonate and oxides of iron and also, the minerals present in stones should not have different co-efficient of thermal expansion. Building Stones should also be able to resist high temperature.

1. What are the various characteristics of a good Building Stone?

2. Write down the 10 features of a good building stone.

Building Stone

LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. Define Building Stone.

2. State the various uses and applications of building stones.