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IndiKart India 7:49 PM , , , , , , , , , ,
Objective of the Lecture:

  • Definition : Machine Design
  • Classification Of Machine Design

Recognizing the need is the primary condition for design.   - Charles Eames

Definition: Machine Design provide solutions and establishes innovative, improved and new machine designs by improving the existing designs. 
Generally, the improved machine design is crafted and designed to satisfy the recognised need of the client. It should also needed to be more economical and efficient than the existing machine design, keeping key factors as the overall cost of production and operation.

Description of the machine used to be the final outcome for the design processes, which generally used to be in the form of drawings and their individual components. In preparation of such drawings, factors such as availability of resources including capital, labour, material and overall cost must be take care off, which results in successful completion of those designs in actual reality.

It is must to have knowledge in Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Drawing, Theory of Machine, Strength of Material and Workshop Processes to successful design a machine component.

Classifications of Machine Design
  • Adaptive Design: In such designs, the designer's used to adapt and minor modify the existing designs of the product. These designs generally doesn't require special knowledge or skill and can be worked out by designers of ordinary technical training.
  • Development Design: In such designs, the designer used to modify the existing design, yet with a new and innovative concept by adoption of new technique, material or manufacturing method. These designs do require skilled designers with an innovative and scientific approach.
  • New Design: These kind of designs require designers with ultimate potential, innovative mind and a lot of research for the particular design.
  • Rational Design: Such designs rely upon the mathematical formulae of principle of mechanics.
  • Empirical Design: Such designs depends upon the empirical relations and formulae based on the practice and past experiences.
  • Industrial Design: Such designs are based upon the production aspects to manufacture any machine component in the industry.
  • System Design: Design of any complex mechanical system such as motor car falls under this classification.
  • Computer Aided Design: Such designs utilises the computer systems  to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and modification of a design.
LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. Define 'Machine Design'.

2. Classify the Machine Design and briefly define each of them.

3. Write down the differences in between the Adaptive Design, Development Design and New Design.

4. Write down the differences in between the Rational Design, Empirical Design and Industrial Design.
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IndiKart India 1:18 PM , , , , , ,
Objective of the Lecture:
  • Machine
  • Mechanism
  • Theory Of Machine 
  • Kinematics
  • Dynamics

Machine: Machine is a kind of device which used to transfer and transform the motion and force from source to the load, where source can be defined as Input while the load can be state as Output.

Machine can also be define as a device from which the available energy can be converted into the desired form of useful work.

Mechanism: Mechanism can be defined as the combination of the rigid or resistant bodies, formed and connected so that the motion of one imparts the required motion to the other and the bodies are able to withstand the various kind of forces impressed upon them.

Theory Of Machine: Theory Of Machine is a branch of engineering which deals with the study of relative motion in between the various part of a machine and the various forces which act on the machines. 

Theory of machine is mainly classified in two categories:

1. Kinematics

2. Dynamics

Kinematics: The subject which deals with only the geometric aspects (constraints) of motion of the various machine elements without any consideration of forces causing such motion, is termed as Kinematics.

Dynamics: The subject which deals with the geometric aspects of motion of various machine elements while considering the forces acting, causing such motion, is termed as Dynamics.

Dynamics further can be sub-divided in the following parts;

Statics:  The branch of Dynamics which deals with the forces acting on the various machine elements, at rest, is termed as Statics. In this, the mass of the machine elements is assumed to be zero.

Kinetics: The branch of Dynamics which deals with the inertia forces, occurring due to the combined effect of mass and the motion of the machine elements, is termed as Kinetics.

LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. What is a machine?

2. What is 'Theory Of Machine'?

3. Define Kinematics.

4. Define Dynamics.

5. What are the sub-categories of Dynamics? Briefly describe each of them.
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IndiKart India 5:49 PM , , , , , , , , , ,
Objectives of the Lecture:
  • Types of Rocks
  • Sedimentary Rocks
  • Metamorphic Rocks
  • Igneous Rocks
Natural occurring rocks are too dense, massive and strong, as because of such reasons, from last many decades these are being used  in construction of structures. Rocks, basically are of three types:

1. Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks are those rocks which are formed by the accumulation of sediments within the glaciers, rivers, oceans etc. These sediments were bonded beneath the soil from last so many of years, resulting formation of sedimentary rock bed.

Example of the Sedimentary rock includes: Chalk, Limestone, Sandstone etc.


2. Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks are those rocks formed by the transformation of the pre-existing rock, subjected to very high heat and pressure, resulting in the physical as well as chemical change in the nature of rock. 

Example of the Metamorphic rock includes: Slate, Marble etc.
3. Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock got their name from the Latin word "Ignis" which stands for fire. Igneous rocks are those rocks formed by the solidification of the magma or lava. These are generally of two types: Intrusive and Extrusive.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks are formed from the trapped magma that cools down and solidified within the crust of the planet. Intrusive rock cools very slowly, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained.

Example of the Intrusive Igneous Rocks includes: Granite, Diorite etc.

Extrusive Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of the molten lava, which used to form above the earth's crust. Extrusive rock cools much faster as compared to intrusive and as a result, these rocks are fine-grained.

Example of the Extrusive Igneous Rocks includes: Basalt, Pumice etc.


LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

 1. Classify the types of rocks and briefly describe each of them.

2. What is Metamorphic Rock? Give few example of metamorphic rock.

3. What is Sedimentary Rock? Give few example of sedimentary rock.

4. What is Igneous Rock? Give few example of igneous rock.

5. Classify the types of Igneous rock and briefly describe each of them with example.
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IndiKart India 8:55 PM , , , ,
Objectives of this Lecture:

  • Characteristics of a Good Building Stone

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD BUILDING STONE
  • Appearance: The Building Stones being used in the construction work should be uniform in color as well as should not have spots of color within the stone. Lighter color of stones are more preferable than the darker stones as latter are less durable. It also should have pleasant color and free from patches too.
  • Strength: Building Stones must have good compression strength. Building stones should be able to withstand a minimum crushing strength of 1000 kg/cm2 .
  • Durability: It should be able to withstand and resist the action of the atmosphere such as rain, wind, temperature etc
  • Texture: It is preferred to have building stones with fine crystalline compact structure as those are more stronger.
  • Dressing: It should be easy to cut the stone and to dress it into different shape for carving and structural works.
  • Seasoning: Every freshly quarried stones contain a bit amount of moisture content, termed as quarry sap. It is essential that after quarrying and dressing of the stone, it should be left for minimum 6 to 12 months before using such stones for construction.
  • Toughness: Building stones should be able to resist and withstand the load and stress developed due to the vibration of moving machinery.
  • Porosity and Absorption: A good building stone should not be porous and not absorb more than 5% of water when immersed.
  • Heaviness: Building stones used in the construction of dams, barrages should be of high varieties. A stone should have specific gravity in ranges from 2.4 to 2.8. 
  • Resistance to fire: A Building stone should be free from minerals such as calcium carbonate and oxides of iron and also, the minerals present in stones should not have different co-efficient of thermal expansion. Building Stones should also be able to resist high temperature.

LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. What are the various characteristics of a good Building Stone?

2. Write down the 10 features of a good building stone.
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IndiKart India 8:05 PM , , , ,
Objectives of the Lecture:

  • Building Stone
  • Building Stone - Uses and Applications

Building Stone

Stone is a natural material obtained by the erosion of the rocks. Stones being used for the purpose of construction of the building structures are being termed as "Building Stones". Building stone not just only increase your's home beauty as well as provide good strength to your building structure. Our ancestors, long year ago, started using these stones as a building material as well as they also uses some of the stones to ignite the fire and to develop the sharp tools.

Let us move up towards the uses and applications of these Building Stones.


Building Stone - Uses and Applications
  • It's being used in the construction of walls, masonry works, foundations,lintels, slabs, cornices etc.
  • Stone is also being used in the construction of roads and pavements.
  • Stones are also used as ballast in railway track gauges.
  • It is also used as a coarse aggregate in concrete.
  • It is also being used in making urinals, bathing tubs, and other products.
  • Stone is also being used as a roofing as well as flooring material in a building.
  • These stones are also used in the manufacture of the cement.
  • Stones are also being used in the making of the sculpture arts.
  • Stones are used in the water treatment process.
  • Stones are used in building wells, construction of bridges, dams etc.
  • Stones are used as an insulators in electrical appliances.
  • Stones are also used in making the sharp tools.

LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. Define Building Stone.

2. State the various uses and applications of building stones.

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IndiKart India 4:05 PM ,
Objective of the lecture :

  • Heat Engine
  • Refrigerator
  • Heat Pump


 Heat Engine :

A heat engine is a device that does a certain amount of net positive work by the extraction of heat from a high temperature body and releasing it to low temperature body. In this, the required output is the net positive work done by the heat extracted from the hot body. Example of heat engine includes : Steam power plant etc.

Refrigerator : 

Refrigerator is a device which is used to reduce and maintain the temperature of the cold chamber below the atmospheric temperature by extracting the heat from the cold chamber and releasing it continuously in the environment by consuming certain amount of external work. In this, the required output is the heat extracted from the cold chamber. Examples includes : Domestic Refrigerators etc.

Heat Pump : 

Heat Pump is a device which used to transfer the heat of the cold body by extracting the heat from the cold body and releasing it continuously in the hot chamber by consuming certain amount of external work. A heat pump is much similar to refrigerator, however, here the required output is the heat rejected to the high temperature body.


LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS :

1. What is a Heat Engine?

2. Define "Refrigerator".
 
3. What is Heat Pump?

4. Write down the difference in between Heat Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump and explain them.
Read more »

IndiKart India 8:16 PM ,
Objective of the lecture :
  • Standard Rating Of Refrigerating Machine
  • Tonne of refrigeration


Standard Rating Of Refrigerating Machine :

The "standard rating of refrigeration" is obtained by refrigerating effect or amount of heat extracted in a given time from a refrigerating body. The practical unit of refrigeration is generally represented in terms of “tonne of refrigeration” (briefly expressed as TR). 

One Tonne Of Refrigeration :

A “tonne of refrigeration” is a common term used to indicate the capacity of the refrigerating unit. A “tonne of refrigeration” is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by uniform melting of one tonne of ice from and, at OoC in 24 hours.

Since, Latent Heat of Ice = 335 kJ/kg.

Therefore, tonne of refrigeration in 24 hour = 335 x 1000 kJ in 24 hr.

So, tonne of refrigeration per hr. = [ { (335 kJ/kg) x (1000 kg) } / ( 24 hr. ) ]
                                                              = 13958.33 kJ/hr.

So, tonne of refrigeration per min. = [ { (335 kJ/kg) x (1000 kg) } / ( 24 hr. x 60 min. ) ]
                                                              = 232.6 kJ/min.

And, tonne of refrigeration per sec. = [ { (335 kJ/kg) x (1000 kg) } / ( 24 hr. x 60 min.  x 60 sec.) ]
                                                                  = 3.5 kJ/sec.

When one tonne of ice requiring 335 kJ/kg got melted in 24 hour period, it is termed as "heat transfer rate" of 1 tonne of refrigeration.


Also, tonne of refrigeration is also expressed in Btu/hr.

Then, Latent Heat of Ice = 144 Btu/lb.

Therefore, tonne of refrigeration in 24 hour = 144 x 2000 kJ in 24 hr.

So, tonne of refrigeration per hr. = { (144kJ/kg) x (2000lb) } / ( 24hr. ) ]

                                                = 12000 Btu/hr.


LECTURE RELATED QUESTIONS : 

1. What do you know about "Standard Rating Of Refrigerating Machine"?

2. What do you understand by "tonne of refrigeration"? 

3. What do you mean by "Heat transfer rate" in relation to tonne of refrigeration?

4. Write down the unit values of "tonne of refrigeration" expressed in Btu/hr. , Btu/min. and kJ/sec. respectively.
Read more »
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